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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Th1-Th2 interaction: is more complex than a see-saw?

A Kutlu1, B Bozkurt, F Ciftci

  • 1Department of Allergy, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. bubozkur@yahoo.com

Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
|March 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Certain infections like tuberculosis may reduce the risk of atopic allergic disorders. This suggests a link between Th1-Th2 immune responses and the reduced prevalence of allergies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

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Published on: September 26, 2013

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse
09:37

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

Published on: December 26, 2019

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Allergy Research

Background:

  • Infections, including tuberculosis (TB), measles, and diphtheria, have been anecdotally linked to a decreased incidence of atopic allergic disorders.
  • The interplay between infectious diseases and the immune system's regulation of allergic responses is an area of ongoing investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential inverse relationship between infections and the development of atopic allergic disorders.
  • To investigate the immunological mechanisms, specifically Th1-Th2 immune interactions, that might underlie this observed phenomenon in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of allergic skin prick test sensitivity between patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and healthy controls.
  • Assessment of atopic phenotype expression in individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis during periods without active allergic exacerbations.

Main Results:

  • Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis exhibited similar allergic skin prick test sensitivity compared to healthy controls.
  • Despite comparable sensitivity, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis did not display a vigorous atopic phenotype during their non-allergic periods.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that certain infections may modulate the immune system, potentially suppressing the development of atopic allergic disorders.
  • The observed differences in atopic phenotype expression, despite similar allergen sensitivity, point towards a significant role for Th1-Th2 immune balance in this protective effect.