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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
09:36

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

Published on: April 10, 2018

Functionality or transcriptional noise? Evidence for selection within long noncoding RNAs.

Jasmina Ponjavic1, Chris P Ponting, Gerton Lunter

  • 1MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom.

Genome Research
|March 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Long noncoding RNAs, termed macroRNAs, show evidence of purifying selection, suggesting they are functional and not just transcriptional noise. This indicates a need for further experimental investigation into their roles.

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Published on: April 10, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are often disregarded as transcriptional noise due to a lack of functional evidence.
  • Experimental scrutiny of lncRNAs has been limited, hindering understanding of their biological significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the evolutionary signatures of long noncoding RNAs (macroRNAs) in mice, humans, and rats.
  • To determine if macroRNAs are subject to purifying selection, implying functional importance.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of 3122 mouse macroRNAs and their orthologs in human and rat.
  • Assessment of purifying selection through substitutions, insertions/deletions, and splicing patterns.
  • Comparison of sequence conservation in macroRNAs with exons of protein-coding transcripts.

Main Results:

  • The evolution of macroRNAs is inconsistent with neutralist (non-functional) explanations.
  • Purifying selection acts on macroRNA promoters, primary sequences, and splice site motifs.
  • MacroRNA promoters exhibit the highest conservation, with overall sequence conservation (4.1%-5.5%) comparable to protein-coding exons.

Conclusions:

  • MacroRNAs bear the imprint of purifying selection, strongly indicating their functionality.
  • The findings provide a rationale for increased experimental focus on the functions of these noncoding RNAs.