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Related Concept Videos

Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...

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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

Coding sequence polymorphism in avian mitochondrial genomes reflects population histories.

Austin L Hughes1, Mary Ann K Hughes

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Sciences Bldg., 700 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. austin@biol.sc.edu

Molecular Ecology
|March 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Temperate bird species exhibit lower genetic diversity due to past glaciation events, unlike tropical species. This finding highlights the impact of climate change on avian populations and their long-term survival.

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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics
  • Ornithology

Background:

  • Past glaciations significantly impacted species distribution and genetic diversity.
  • Understanding genetic diversity is crucial for avian conservation efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that temperate zone bird species show population genetic effects of past glaciation.
  • To compare nucleotide sequence diversity between temperate and tropical bird populations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nucleotide sequence diversity at mitochondrial protein-coding loci.
  • Studied 72 bird species from diverse geographical regions.
  • Compared genetic diversity in temperate, tropical mainland, and Nearctic migrant species.

Main Results:

  • Temperate zone species displayed reduced nucleotide diversity compared to tropical mainland species.
  • Nearctic migrants showed high population growth rates post-bottleneck and an abundance of rare nonsynonymous polymorphisms.
  • Bottleneck effects were more pronounced in Nearctic migrants due to limited glacial refugia in North America.

Conclusions:

  • Past glaciations led to reduced genetic diversity in temperate and Nearctic migrant bird populations.
  • Nearctic migrants face increased extinction risk due to reduced genetic diversity and habitat loss.
  • Conservation strategies must consider the long-term genetic consequences of climate change on avian populations.