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Updated: Apr 19, 2026
A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Published on: October 5, 2015
Prospective study of smoking and tuberculosis in India
Mangesh S Pednekar1, Prakash C Gupta
1Healis, Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi-Mumbai, India. pednekarmangesh@rediffmail.com
Objective:
Although tuberculosis has already become uncommon in industrialised countries, is a major burden in many developing countries, including India. This paper examines the association between smoking (mainly bidi smoking) and tuberculosis in Mumbai, India.
Method:
To study the possible association between smoking and tuberculosis, recruitment of a cohort of 81,443 men > or =35 years began in 1991 and was followed up to the end of 2003 in Mumbai.
Results:
The adjusted risk of tuberculosis deaths among bidi smokers was 2.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.02, 3.33) times higher than never-smokers, with a significant trend for daily frequency of bidi smoking. Also the risk of prevalence of self reported tuberculosis among bidi smokers was 5.23 (95% CI: 4.01, 6.82) times higher than never-smokers.
Conclusion:
In India around 32% of tuberculosis deaths can be attributable to bidi smoking. Thus, bidi smoking seems to be an important cause of manifestation and death from tuberculosis.
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