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Related Experiment Videos

Cortical control of postural responses.

J V Jacobs1, F B Horak

  • 1Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, U.S.A.

Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)
|March 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The cerebral cortex influences postural responses to balance loss. It modifies these responses based on experience, context, and cognitive state, ensuring adaptable and optimized balance control.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Postural responses to external perturbations are crucial for maintaining balance.
  • These responses exhibit varying latencies, suggesting differential neural pathway involvement.
  • The cerebral cortex's role in modulating these responses remains an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for the cerebral cortex's involvement in shaping postural responses.
  • To elucidate how the cortex modifies postural adjustments based on various factors.
  • To understand the neural mechanisms underlying cortical influence on balance control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on postural control and cortical function.
  • Analysis of studies examining muscle activation latencies during postural perturbations.
  • Examination of evidence linking cognitive state, experience, and sensory conditions to postural adjustments.

Main Results:

  • Postural responses have short, medium, and long latency components, with increasing cortical involvement at longer latencies.
  • The cerebral cortex modulates responses based on cognitive state, prior experience, and sensory-motor conditions ('central set').
  • Cerebellar-cortical and basal ganglia-cortical loops are implicated in adapting and optimizing postural responses.

Conclusions:

  • The cerebral cortex directly influences long-latency postural responses and indirectly affects shorter-latency responses via brainstem pathways.
  • Cortical modulation provides speed and flexibility for pre-selecting and modifying balance responses.
  • This highlights the cortex's critical role in adaptive and context-specific postural control.

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