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Related Concept Videos

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.
Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...

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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An Efficient and Rapid HPLC-QQQ-MS Method for the Quantitation of Tropane Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants
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An Efficient and Rapid HPLC-QQQ-MS Method for the Quantitation of Tropane Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants

Published on: June 12, 2026

Tertiary Phenolic Alkaloids from Chasmanthera dependens.

F C Ohiri1, R Verpoorte, A B Svendsen

  • 1Department of Pharmacognosy, State University of Leiden, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Planta Medica
|September 1, 1983
PubMed
Summary

Phytochemical analysis of Chasmanthera dependens stems revealed novel alkaloids. Researchers identified govanine, coreximine, bisnorargemonine, and pallidine, expanding knowledge of Menispermaceae compounds.

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Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study
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Published on: March 8, 2024

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An Efficient and Rapid HPLC-QQQ-MS Method for the Quantitation of Tropane Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants
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An Efficient and Rapid HPLC-QQQ-MS Method for the Quantitation of Tropane Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants

Published on: June 12, 2026

Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study
09:36

Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study

Published on: March 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Phytochemistry
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • The Menispermaceae family is known for its diverse alkaloid content.
  • Chasmanthera dependens is a plant species within this family with potential medicinal properties.
  • Previous phytochemical studies on this species are limited, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a phytochemical investigation of the tertiary phenolic alkaloidal fraction from Chasmanthera dependens stems.
  • To isolate and identify specific alkaloid compounds present in the plant extract.
  • To contribute to the understanding of the chemical constituents of Chasmanthera dependens.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of alkaloids from the stems of Chasmanthera dependens.
  • Isolation of compounds using chromatographic techniques.
  • Structure elucidation of isolated alkaloids using spectroscopic methods (e.g., NMR, MS).

Main Results:

  • Four distinct alkaloids were successfully isolated and identified.
  • Identified compounds include govanine ((-)-tetrahydropseudocolumbamine), coreximine (tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids).
  • Also identified were bisnorargemonine (pavine type alkaloid) and pallidine (morphinandienone type alkaloid).

Conclusions:

  • The phytochemical analysis successfully identified key alkaloid compounds in Chasmanthera dependens stems.
  • The findings expand the known chemical profile of this Menispermaceae species.
  • These identified alkaloids may serve as a basis for future pharmacological research.