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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding
10:50

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

Structural basis for coreceptor selectivity by the HIV type 1 V3 loop.

Timothy Cardozo1, Tetsuya Kimura, Sean Philpott

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
|April 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new "11/24/25 rule" accurately predicts HIV tropism by analyzing charged amino acids on the V3 loop of the gp120 protein. This rule improves prediction of whether HIV-1 uses CXCR4 (X4) or CCR5 (R5) coreceptors for cell entry.

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Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach
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Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

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Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding
10:50

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach
07:06

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Published on: December 1, 2011

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The V3 loop of HIV-1's gp120 protein is crucial for viral entry into host cells.
  • HIV-1 uses chemokine receptors CXCR4 (X4-tropic) or CCR5 (R5-tropic) for entry.
  • Structural homology exists between the V3 loop and natural chemokine ligands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a predictive model for HIV-1 coreceptor usage (tropism).
  • To investigate the role of specific amino acid residues in the V3 loop for tropism determination.
  • To refine existing methods for predicting viral tropism.

Main Methods:

  • 3D molecular modeling of V3 loops from primary HIV-1 isolates.
  • Analysis of charged amino acid patterns on the V3 surface patch.
  • Correlation of modeled V3 structures with experimentally determined coreceptor usage (X4 or R5).

Main Results:

  • A charged surface patch on the V3 loop correlates with coreceptor usage.
  • The '11/24/25 rule' (positive charge at positions 11, 24, or 25 indicates X4 tropism) was proposed.
  • This rule achieved 94% predictive accuracy for 217 HIV-1 viruses.

Conclusions:

  • The '11/24/25 rule' offers improved prediction of HIV-1 tropism compared to previous methods.
  • Understanding V3 loop charge distribution is key to predicting viral entry mechanisms.
  • Findings have implications for developing HIV therapeutics, vaccines, and disease monitoring strategies.