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Related Experiment Videos

Nucleoside phosphorylation by phosphate minerals.

Giovanna Costanzo1, Raffaele Saladino, Claudia Crestini

  • 1Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pizalle Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|April 7, 2007
PubMed
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Crystal phosphate minerals in formamide can donate phosphate to nucleosides, forming phosphorylated adenosine. This process, observed with Libethenite, supports the formation of activated nucleic monomers for prebiotic polymerization.

Area of Science:

  • Astrobiology
  • Geochemistry
  • Origin of Life Studies

Background:

  • Nucleoside phosphorylation is crucial for forming activated monomers necessary for prebiotic polymerization.
  • The thermodynamic barrier of the Gibbs free energy change (DeltaG degrees ') hinders polymerization in liquid phases under plausible prebiotic conditions.
  • Phosphate-mineral interactions are investigated as a potential mechanism to overcome these barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of various crystal phosphate minerals to act as phosphate donors for nucleoside phosphorylation in a formamide environment.
  • To assess the efficiency and products of nucleoside phosphorylation mediated by different minerals.
  • To evaluate the implications of these findings for the formation of activated nucleic monomers in prebiotic scenarios.

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Main Methods:

  • Nucleoside phosphorylation reactions were conducted in formamide using a variety of phosphate minerals (Herderite, Hureaulite, Libethenite, Pyromorphite, Turquoise, Fluorapatite, Hydroxylapatite, Vivianite, Cornetite, Pseudomalachite, Reichenbachite, Ludjibaite).
  • The reaction products, including 5'-, 3'-, 2'-, and 2':3'-cyclic phosphorylated nucleosides, were analyzed.
  • Mineral surface phosphorylation and the stability of the beta-glycosidic bond were specifically examined for certain minerals like Libethenite and Cornetite.

Main Results:

  • Several crystal phosphate minerals, including Libethenite and Hydroxylapatite, demonstrated the ability to phosphorylate nucleosides in formamide.
  • Libethenite showed significant formation of 5'-AMP (up to 6% of adenosine input) and sustained phosphorylation for over 1000 hours.
  • Specific minerals like Libethenite and Cornetite were found to protect the beta-glycosidic bond, enhancing the stability of the resulting phosphorylated nucleosides.
  • The study identified active, low-level, and inactive phosphorylating agents among the tested minerals.

Conclusions:

  • Crystal phosphate minerals can act as effective phosphate donors for nucleoside phosphorylation in a non-aqueous, formamide-based environment.
  • This mineral-mediated phosphorylation provides a plausible pathway for generating activated nucleic monomers, addressing the thermodynamic challenges of prebiotic polymerization.
  • The findings suggest a potential role for phosphate minerals in facilitating the formation of key biomolecules on early Earth or other planetary bodies.