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Related Concept Videos

Bile01:19

Bile

Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...
IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids01:28

IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a broad band between 2500 and 3300 cm⁻¹.
However, the stretching absorptions for the C=O bond vary depending on the structure of carboxylic acids. The C=O bond of the free carboxylic acids shows a higher stretching frequency, 1760 cm−1, while H-bonded carboxylic acids (dimers) exhibit stretching absorptions at a lower frequency, 1710 cm−1. The C=O bond of the...
NMR and Mass Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids01:30

NMR and Mass Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

In ¹H NMR spectroscopy, acidic protons (–COOH) of carboxylic acids are highly deshielded and absorb far downfield, at around 9–12 ppm. The chemical shift value depends on the concentration and solvent used.
While α protons of carboxylic acids absorb at 2–2.5 ppm, β protons absorb further upfield.
Carboxylic acids are easily identified by dissolving them in deuterium oxide, which results in a rapid exchange of the acidic protons with deuterium. This leads to the disappearance of the acidic...
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:26

Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and unsymmetrical carbonyl vibration.
In the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
08:42

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Published on: November 27, 2016

Human cecal bile acids: concentration and spectrum.

James P Hamilton1, Guofeng Xie, Jean-Pierre Raufman

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System and University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
|April 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Human cecal bile acids are primarily unconjugated and present at low concentrations. Deconjugation and dehydroxylation are nearly complete in the cecum, with 3beta-hydroxy bile acids being normal constituents.

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Quantification of Coenzyme A in Cells and Tissues

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Published on: November 27, 2016

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Quantification of Coenzyme A in Cells and Tissues

Published on: September 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bile acids play crucial roles in digestion and metabolism.
  • Understanding bile acid profiles in the human gut is essential for comprehending host-microbiome interactions.
  • Previous studies have limited data on bile acid composition in the human cecum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the concentration and spectrum of bile acids in human cecal content.
  • To investigate the forms (conjugated vs. unconjugated) and types of bile acids present.
  • To identify specific bile acids and their derivatives in the cecum.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human cecal content from 19 individuals using enzymatic assays, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
  • Quantification of 3alpha-hydroxy bile acids and total 3-hydroxy bile acids.
  • Determination of bile acid classes and individual bile acids, including conjugated and unconjugated forms.

Main Results:

  • The concentration of 3alpha-hydroxy bile acids was 0.4 +/- 0.2 mM, and total 3-hydroxy bile acids were 0.6 +/- 0.3 mM.
  • Bile acids were predominantly in unconjugated form (90 +/- 9%).
  • Deoxycholic acid (34 +/- 16%) and lithocholic acid (26 +/- 10%) were the most abundant identified bile acids, with significant presence of 3beta-hydroxy derivatives (27 +/- 18%).

Conclusions:

  • Bile acid deconjugation and dehydroxylation are nearly complete in the human cecum.
  • Most bile acids exist in unconjugated form at submicellar and subsecretory concentrations.
  • 3beta-hydroxy bile acids are normal constituents of human cecal content, suggesting microbial modification.