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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Classification of Systems-II01:31

Classification of Systems-II

Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Understanding Cerebellar Pattern Formation
13:18

Understanding Cerebellar Pattern Formation

Published on: November 1, 2007

Unique case of polydactyly and a new classification system.

Lawrence L Haber1, Heiko B Adams, George H Thompson

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. lhaber@orthopedics.umsmed.edu

Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
|April 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study reports a rare case of crossed and mixed polydactyly in a female infant

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Understanding Cerebellar Pattern Formation
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Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Medical genetics
  • Developmental biology
  • Orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Polydactyly, a common congenital anomaly, involves extra digits on hands or feet.
  • Existing classifications for polydactyly can be complex and lack clarity.
  • Understanding rare variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Observation:

  • A female infant presented with a unique combination of crossed and mixed polydactyly affecting both feet.
  • The infant exhibited seven complete toes on each foot without syndactyly.
  • This specific presentation, crossed and mixed polydactyly with complete toes, is exceptionally rare, with only one prior case documented.

Findings:

  • The case represents the first documented instance of crossed and mixed polydactyly of the feet with seven complete toes per foot and no syndactyly.
  • Analysis of this case supports the need for a refined classification system for polydactyly.
  • Treatment strategies for such complex polydactyly were also considered.

Implications:

  • This finding necessitates a review and potential revision of current polydactyly classification systems.
  • A more comprehensive classification could improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning for rare polydactyly variants.
  • Further research into the genetic and developmental underpinnings of complex polydactyly is warranted.