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Related Concept Videos

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining, normally used to...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel precursors...
Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER

After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae
08:12

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

Published on: August 8, 2017

Prion protein and the red cell.

David J Anstee1

  • 1Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Blood Service, Bristol, UK. david.anstee@nbs.nhs.uk

Current Opinion in Hematology
|April 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) may transmit through red blood cell transfusions. Filtration shows promise in removing infectivity from red cell preparations, potentially making transfusions safer.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Transfusion Medicine
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder.
  • Transmission of vCJD through blood transfusion is a significant public health concern.
  • Red blood cell preparations are the most common transfusion product.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the risk of transfusion-transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) via red cell preparations.
  • To explore potential methods for mitigating vCJD transmission through blood products.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent human cases of probable vCJD transfusion transmission.
  • Analysis of experimental data on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in rodents.

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Purification and Refolding to Amyloid Fibrils of (His)6-tagged Recombinant Shadoo Protein Expressed as Inclusion Bodies in E. coli
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Purification and Refolding to Amyloid Fibrils of (His)6-tagged Recombinant Shadoo Protein Expressed as Inclusion Bodies in E. coli

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Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain
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Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae
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High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

Published on: August 8, 2017

Purification and Refolding to Amyloid Fibrils of (His)6-tagged Recombinant Shadoo Protein Expressed as Inclusion Bodies in E. coli
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Purification and Refolding to Amyloid Fibrils of (His)6-tagged Recombinant Shadoo Protein Expressed as Inclusion Bodies in E. coli

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Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain
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Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain

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  • Evaluation of filtration techniques for removing infectivity from red cell preparations.

    • Main Results:

    • Three cases of probable vCJD transmission via red cell preparations have been reported.
    • Rodent TSE experiments indicate infectivity is in the red cell suspending medium, not the cells themselves.
    • Filtration effectively removed infectivity from rodent red cell preparations.

    Conclusions:

    • Red cell preparations pose a risk for vCJD transmission.
    • Filtration may offer a method to remove vCJD infectivity from human red cell preparations.
    • This approach could enhance the safety of blood transfusions for vCJD prevention.