Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: May 15, 2016
Racial differences in caregiving patterns, caregiver emotional function, and sources of emotional support following
Tessa Hart1, Therese M O'Neil-Pirozzi, Kelli D Williams
1Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19141, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. thart@einstein.edu
Objective:
Compare white and African American caregivers of people with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) regarding caregiving patterns, emotional function and life satisfaction, and preferred supports.
Design:
Prospective, observational study; 1, 2, or 5 years post-TBI.
Setting:
Six TBI model systems.
Participants:
Two hundred fifty-six caregivers (195 white and 61 African American).
Measures:
Brief Symptom Inventory-18, Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Results:
Races differed as to kinship patterns, with more white caregivers including spouses and more African Americans including "other relatives." African Americans spent significantly more time in direct caregiving, and reported more depression. African American TBI survivors were significantly more disabled than whites, which appeared to account for emotional function differences. Whites were more likely to use professional services for emotional support.
Conclusion:
Across races, TBI caregiver emotional health is affected by the functional level of the survivor. African American caregivers may be at risk for worse emotional consequences due to worse survivor outcomes, yet may underutilize professional services.
Related Concept Videos
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction
Bonanno's Theory of Grieving
Resilience
The resilience...
Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused
Traumatic Memory
Socioemotional Development during Infancy
Primary Temperament Types
Stella Chess...
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events, are a...

