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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion. The...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction
09:28

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Published on: August 31, 2018

Transport viewed as a catalytic process.

Martin Klingenberg1

  • 1Institute für Physiologische Chemie der Universität München, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 München, Germany. klingenberg@med.uni-muenchen.de

Biochimie
|April 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The induced transition fit (ITF) concept explains transport catalysis, showing carriers need extra energy for unidirectional transport. Inhibitors can induce abnormal states in carriers, impacting their function.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Transport catalysis is crucial for cellular function.
  • The induced transition fit (ITF) concept offers a framework for understanding substrate-protein interactions in transport.
  • Enzymes and carriers exhibit distinct substrate-protein interactions, as exemplified by the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze transport catalysis using the ITF concept.
  • To elucidate the differences in substrate-protein interactions between enzymes and carriers.
  • To discuss applications of ITF in unidirectional transport and inhibitor interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the "induced transition fit" (ITF) concept.
  • Examination of substrate-protein interactions in enzymes and carriers (e.g., AAC).

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Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
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Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

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Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction
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  • Discussion of ITF applications in unidirectional transport (passive and active) and inhibitor-carrier interactions.

    • Main Results:

    • Unidirectional transport often requires energy beyond intrinsic binding, supplied by ATP or gradients.
    • External energy impacts carrier cycles in ABC transporters (mdr) and cation-substrate co-transporters (LacY).
    • Side-specific inhibitors of AAC induce an abortive ground state, representing extreme conformational changes.

    Conclusions:

    • ITF provides a comprehensive model for transport catalysis.
    • Energy input is critical for efficient unidirectional transport mediated by carriers.
    • Inhibitor binding can lead to specific conformational states, offering insights into carrier mechanisms.