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Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Sheep pox: experimental studies with a west african isolate.

A Afshar, A Bundza, D J Myers

The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne

|August 1, 1986

Summary

This study details experimental sheep pox virus infection in sheep, noting clinical signs like fever and skin lesions. The findings highlight pathological similarities to lumpy skin disease in cattle.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Pathology
Animal Infectious Diseases

Background:

Sheep pox virus (SPPV) is a significant viral disease affecting sheep globally.
Understanding the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of SPPV is crucial for disease control.
Previous research has described SPPV, but characterization of specific isolates is ongoing.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the clinical and pathological features of experimental sheep pox induced by a West African SPPV isolate.
To compare the observed effects with known SPPV strains and related diseases like lumpy skin disease.

Main Methods:

Four cross-bred sheep were inoculated intradermally and/or intratracheally with a West African SPPV isolate under maximum security laboratory conditions.
Clinical signs, gross pathology, and histopathology of affected tissues (skin, lungs) were documented.
Ultrastructural examination and serum neutralizing antibody assays were performed.

Main Results:

All infected sheep exhibited fever, depression, nasal/lacrimal discharge, and coughing, with more severe signs in intratracheally inoculated animals.
Papular, erythematous skin lesions developed, progressing to nodules and tumor-like masses; widespread lesions were observed in one euthanized sheep.
Histopathology revealed ischemic necrosis, vasculitis, and characteristic viral inclusions in skin and lung tissues; virus particles were identified ultrastructurally.

Conclusions:

The West African SPPV isolate caused a distinct clinical and pathological syndrome in sheep, characterized by significant skin and pulmonary lesions.
The observed pathology shares similarities with lumpy skin disease (Neethling virus) in cattle, suggesting potential cross-species relevance or shared pathogenetic mechanisms.
Serum neutralizing antibodies developed by 14 days post-infection, indicating a humoral immune response to the SPPV challenge.