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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) associations with West Nile virus.

J Jeffrey Root1, Paul T Oesterle, Heather J Sullivan

  • 1United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA. jeff.root@aphis.usda.gov

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|April 12, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) can experience West Nile virus (WNV) seroconversions even in low transmission years. This study tracked WNV in Colorado squirrels, finding infections occurred outside typical seasons.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Ecology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Tree squirrels (Sciurus spp.) are frequently exposed to West Nile virus (WNV).
  • Key aspects of WNV infections in tree squirrels remain poorly understood.
  • Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) are a relevant species for studying WNV dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal seroprevalence and seroconversions of WNV in fox squirrels.
  • To identify ectoparasites of fox squirrels and test them for WNV.
  • To understand WNV transmission patterns in fox squirrels in northern Colorado.

Main Methods:

  • Mark-recapture sampling of 72 fox squirrels.
  • Radio telemetry for tracking animal movements and health.
  • Real-time PCR analysis of 33 flea samples (Orchopeas howardi) and 17 urine samples for WNV RNA.

Main Results:

  • Five WNV seroconversions were documented in fox squirrels.
  • Most seroconversions occurred in late summer/fall, but one happened in late winter/early spring.
  • No WNV RNA was detected in tested fleas or urine samples.

Conclusions:

  • Fox squirrels can undergo WNV seroconversions during periods of low WNV transmission.
  • WNV infection dynamics in fox squirrels may extend beyond typical transmission seasons.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate WNV transmission cycles involving squirrels.