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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
Reversible agents containing quaternary amines, such as neostigmine and edrophonium, are not easily absorbed orally because they are...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...

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Related Experiment Video

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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
08:21

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Published on: May 18, 2018

CE-MS of antihistamines using nonvolatile phosphate buffer.

Chiu-Tang Chien1, Fu-An Li, Ju-Li Huang

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Electrophoresis
|April 12, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) for antihistamine analysis by controlling phosphate ion migration and using ammonium buffers. This significantly reduced ion suppression, improving analytical accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) is a powerful analytical technique.
  • Ion suppression in CE-ESI-MS can compromise quantitative analysis, particularly for charged analytes like antihistamines.
  • Phosphate buffers are commonly used but can contribute to ion suppression in ESI-MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an optimized CE-ESI-MS method for antihistamine analysis.
  • To mitigate ion suppression caused by phosphate buffers.
  • To enhance the separation integrity and sensitivity of antihistamine detection.

Main Methods:

  • Antihistamines were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS).
  • Separation was performed in an acidic environment utilizing a phosphate buffer system.
  • Key modifications included replacing sodium with ammonium ions, adjusting sheath liquid acidity, and employing a low-flow interface.

Main Results:

  • Phosphate ions were directed away from the electrospray ionization (ESI) source by controlling buffer pH and ion migration.
  • Replacing sodium with ammonium ions in the buffer further reduced ion suppression.
  • The use of a common counterion (phosphate) in both the running buffer and sheath liquid maintained separation quality (resolution, elution order, peak shape).
  • Ion suppression was significantly alleviated due to minimal phosphate ion flow into the ESI source.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CE-ESI-MS method effectively analyzes antihistamines with reduced ion suppression.
  • Controlling phosphate ion migration and employing ammonium buffers are crucial for enhancing analytical performance.
  • This approach preserves separation integrity while improving sensitivity for antihistamine determination.