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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

Superficial bladder cancer: part 2. Management.

David Josephson1, Erik Pasin, John P Stein

  • 1University of Southern California, Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9178, USA. david.josephson@usc.edu

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
|April 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This review covers bladder cancer management, focusing on intravesical treatments like chemotherapy and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy for nonmuscle-invasive disease. It details treatment efficacy, side effects, and options for BCG-refractory cases.

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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Nonmuscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma (NMI-TCC) of the bladder requires careful management strategies.
  • Optimal treatment selection impacts patient outcomes and recurrence rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on NMI-TCC management.
  • To discuss intravesical chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgical interventions.
  • To evaluate treatments for BCG-refractory NMI-TCC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on NMI-TCC.
  • Analysis of indications, efficacy, and side-effect profiles of intravesical agents.
  • Review of second-look transurethral resection and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy.

Main Results:

  • Intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy show varying efficacy and side-effect profiles.
  • Second-look transurethral resection has specific indications.
  • BCG is crucial for definitive and maintenance therapy, with options for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence guides the selection of intravesical therapies for NMI-TCC.
  • Management of BCG-refractory NMI-TCC involves evaluating alternative treatment options.
  • Personalized treatment approaches are essential for optimal bladder cancer management.