Insulin resistance, glycemic control and adiposity: key determinants of healthy lifespan

Peter S DiStefano1, Rory Curtis, Bradley J Geddes

  • 1Elixir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 12 Emily Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. pdistefano@elixirpharm.com

Insights

Targeting aging mechanisms via ghrelin signaling offers new therapeutic approaches for age-related diseases. This study highlights ghrelin

Area of Science:

  • Aging and Metabolism
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Aging shares molecular links with metabolic dysfunction.
  • Metabolic health (insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, adiposity) impacts age-related diseases like Alzheimer's.
  • Insulin/IGF-1 signaling is a key regulator of aging and disease across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ghrelin in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway.
  • To explore ghrelin signaling modulation as a therapeutic strategy for age-related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the upstream signaling role of ghrelin.
  • Examined ghrelin's influence on key metabolic functions.
  • Explored modulation of ghrelin signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identified ghrelin as a crucial upstream regulator of insulin/IGF-1 signaling.
  • Demonstrated ghrelin's ability to modulate key metabolic functions.
  • Established ghrelin signaling as a potential target for mechanistic treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Ghrelin plays a significant role in the insulin/IGF-1 pathway.
  • Modulating ghrelin signaling presents a novel therapeutic avenue for multiple age-related conditions.
  • Targeting ghrelin offers a unified approach to treating metabolic dysfunction and associated diseases.

Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...