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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents
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The cortical organization of speech processing.

Gregory Hickok1, David Poeppel

  • 1Department of Cognitive Sciences and the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-5100, USA.

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
|April 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new dual-stream model explains speech processing. It proposes a ventral stream for comprehension and a dorsal stream for articulation, aiding neuroanatomy research.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Characterizing the functional neuroanatomy of speech processing remains challenging.
  • Task effects have been overlooked in mapping speech-related neural systems.
  • Existing models may not fully account for the complexity of speech perception and production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel dual-stream model of speech processing.
  • To integrate comprehension and production pathways within a unified framework.
  • To address limitations in current models of speech neuroanatomy.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual model development based on existing literature.
  • Integration of findings from neuroimaging and psycholinguistic studies.

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  • Theoretical outlining of ventral and dorsal processing streams.

    • Main Results:

    • A dual-stream model is proposed, comprising a ventral and a dorsal stream.
    • The ventral stream is hypothesized to be primarily involved in speech comprehension.
    • The dorsal stream is proposed to map acoustic speech signals to articulatory networks in the frontal lobe.

    Conclusions:

    • The dual-stream model offers a new framework for understanding speech processing.
    • The ventral stream is largely bilateral with hemispheric specializations.
    • The dorsal stream exhibits strong left-hemisphere dominance for speech articulation.