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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...

The Arch of Aorta

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

Published on: August 8, 2025

[Contribution to subscapularis nerve supply. 18 dissections].

D Ouattara¹, C Berton, G Wavreille

¹Laboratoire d'anatomie, Faculté de Médecine Henri Warembourg, Université de Lille 2, Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille cedex.

Morphologie : Bulletin De L'Association Des Anatomistes

|April 17, 2007

Summary

To prevent subscapularis nerve injury during glenohumeral joint surgery, surgeons should avoid dividing the subscapularis muscle more than 3 cm from the anterior glenoid border and medial coracoid process root. This surgical guideline protects crucial nerve supply.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

Published on: August 8, 2025

Area of Science:

Anatomy
Surgical Anatomy
Neuroanatomy

Context:

Subscapularis muscle division is necessary for glenohumeral joint access.
Medial division increases the risk of nerve injury.
Precise anatomical knowledge is crucial for safe surgical approaches.

Purpose:

To map the entry points of subscapularis nerves using anatomical landmarks.
To establish reproducible triangulation methods for identifying nerve entry zones.
To provide quantitative data for surgical planning.

Summary:

Anatomical study on 18 shoulders identified an average of 3.33 subscapularis nerves with 5.05 entry points.
Measurements from landmarks (glenoid poles, lesser tubercle, coracoid process) were recorded.
Entry points are located medially to the scapular notch and >3 cm from the anterior glenoid border.

Impact:

Provides critical data to define safe surgical margins for subscapularis muscle division.
Aims to minimize iatrogenic injury to the subscapularis nerve supply.
Enhances surgical safety and outcomes in shoulder procedures.