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Hiatal Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Flail Chest-II

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Flail Chest-I

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Technical Considerations and Approach to Redo Foregut Surgery

Technical Considerations and Approach to Redo Foregut Surgery

Published on: September 22, 2023

[Posttraumatic right sided diaphragmal hernia].

S A Michel¹, A Keerl, R A Kubik-Huch

¹Institut für Radiologie, Kantonsspital Baden. sven.michel@ksb.ch

|April 17, 2007

Summary

A diaphragmatic hernia, caused by trauma years earlier, presented with severe abdominal pain due to an incarcerated bowel loop. Surgery confirmed and repaired the delayed presentation of this diaphragmatic injury.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Trauma Surgery
Medical Imaging

Background:

Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernias is rare.
Diaphragmatic injuries can remain asymptomatic for years post-trauma.

Observation:

A 17-year post-trauma case of right-sided diaphragmatic hernia.
Patient presented with acute abdominal pain, suggestive of bowel obstruction.

Findings:

Radiological imaging suspected an incarcerated duodenal loop.
Surgical exploration confirmed the incarcerated duodenal loop within the diaphragmatic hernia.

Implications:

Highlights the importance of considering delayed diaphragmatic hernia complications.
Emphasizes the role of imaging in diagnosing subtle post-traumatic abdominal conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Technical Considerations and Approach to Redo Foregut Surgery

Technical Considerations and Approach to Redo Foregut Surgery

Published on: September 22, 2023

Underscores the necessity of surgical intervention for incarcerated hernias.