Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors

Peptic ulcer disease, commonly called PUD, represents a multifaceted condition characterized by disruptions in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Central to the protection of the gastrointestinal lining is the mucosal-bicarbonate barrier. This physiological defense mechanism is a formidable shield against the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach. Its role is pivotal in maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach's inner lining. Bicarbonate,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Tumor growth and immune response: On the impact of the space-structuration of the tumor microenvironment.

Mathematical biosciences·2026

Same author

CD206+CD14- Skin-Resident Macrophages and DC-T Cell Clusters Are Spatial Features Characterizing Nonrelapsing Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Cancer immunology research·2025

Same author

Antibody-Based Antigen Delivery to Dendritic Cells as a Vaccination Strategy Against Ebola Virus Disease.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2025

Same author

A mixture-like model for tumor-immune system interactions.

Journal of theoretical biology·2024

Same author

Comparative Performance of Four Staging Classifications to Select «High-Risk» Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Journal of clinical medicine·2023

Same author

Autofluorescence identifies highly phagocytic tissue-resident macrophages in mouse and human skin and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Frontiers in immunology·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

[Mucosal immunity and vaccine development].

Fabienne Anjuère¹, Cécil Czerkinsky

¹Inserm U721, Faculté de Médecine Pasteur, avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France. anjuere@unice.fr

Medecine Sciences : M/S

|April 17, 2007

Summary

The mucosal immune system protects the body from pathogens and environmental antigens. Mucosal vaccines offer a promising strategy for preventing infections and treating inflammatory conditions.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Microbiology
Vaccinology

Context:

Mucosal surfaces are primary entry points for pathogens and environmental antigens.
A specialized mucosal immune system distinguishes between harmful and harmless invaders.
This system maintains tolerance to environmental antigens while mounting immunity against pathogens.

Purpose:

To review the properties of the mucosal immune system.
To discuss advances in mucosal vaccine development.
To explore applications in infection protection and inflammatory disorder treatment.

Summary:

The mucosal immune system employs sophisticated mechanisms to balance tolerance and immunity.
Mucosal immunization can induce protective immunity against pathogens.

More Related Videos

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: September 28, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: September 28, 2022

It can also induce tolerance for treating autoimmune diseases and allergies.

Impact:

Highlights the potential of mucosal vaccines for infectious disease prevention.
Suggests mucosal immunotherapy for managing autoimmune diseases and allergies.
Underscores the importance of understanding mucosal immunity for therapeutic development.