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Updated: Jul 15, 2026
Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
Published on: August 29, 2025
Shared decision making: the reliability of the OPTION scale in Italy
Claudia Goss1, Silvia Fontanesi, Maria Angela Mazzi
1Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. claudia.goss@univr.it
Objective:
To provide psychometric characteristics of the Italian language version of the OPTION scale and descriptive statistics on patients' involvement. The OPTION scale assesses the extent to which clinicians involve patients in therapeutic decisions. The English language version has a Cohen's kappa score for individual items ranging from 0.45 to 0.98 and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the total score of 0.77.
Methods:
Six male GPs provided 235 audiotaped consultations with consecutive patients who had attended for a new illness episode over a 2-month period. Thirty interviews were rated by two raters to assess inter- and intra rater as well as test-retest reliability of the Italian language version of the OPTION scale. Based on the whole sample, Cronbach's alpha and an exploratory factor analysis were performed to assess internal validity and to determine factor loadings.
Results:
Cohen's kappa values were comprised between 0.29 and 0.73, the ICC at test and retest was 0.85 and 0.81 and Cronbach's alpha 0.82. The ratings for each OPTION item showed a skewed distribution: the majority of scores (>70%) were between 0 (behaviour absent) and 2 (minimum skill level).
Conclusion:
The reliability indices were satisfactory and similar to those reported for the original OPTION.
Practice Implications:
OPTION can be used for both teaching purposes and research, as well as for future cross-national comparisons.
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