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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis
Published on: September 18, 2013
Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression through nuclear factor-kappaB in human prostate
Ana B Fernández-Martínez1, Beatriz Collado, Ana M Bajo
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
Abstract:
The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was analyzed in human prostate non-neoplastic (RWPE-1) as well as cancer androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and independent (PC3) cells. The three cell lines expressed VIP mRNA and VIP peptide, as measured by RT-PCR and immunochemistry, which supports an autocrine/paracrine action of VIP in the prostate gland. VIP levels were progressively higher from non-neoplastic to androgen-dependent and independent cells. Real-time RT-PCR and Western-blotting showed that VIP stimulated both COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in a faster manner as prostate cancer stage progressed (i.e. RWPE1
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