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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the gastrointestinal...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

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Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
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Drug delivery methods for posterior segment disease.

Jason Hsu1

  • 1Retina Service, Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. jasonhsu.md@comcast.net

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|April 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Novel drug delivery systems offer improved safety and efficacy for chronic posterior segment eye diseases. These advanced methods, including implants and particulates, are crucial for managing conditions like uveitis and macular edema.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Posterior segment eye diseases require effective, long-term pharmacotherapies.
  • Current treatments often involve frequent local drug administration, posing challenges for patient adherence and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel drug delivery methods for posterior segment eye diseases.
  • To discuss current and potential future therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recently introduced pharmacotherapies and drug delivery systems.
  • Analysis of controlled-release technologies, including implants, micro/nanoparticulates, liposomes, and iontophoresis.

Main Results:

  • Controlled-release drug delivery systems provide prolonged drug exposure, ideal for chronic conditions.
  • Approved and investigational implants (e.g., fluocinolone acetonide, dexamethasone) show promise for uveitis and macular edema.
  • These systems are suitable for noninfectious intermediate/posterior uveitis, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic macular edema.

Conclusions:

  • Novel drug delivery systems are essential for improving safety and efficacy of repeated pharmacotherapy administration.
  • Biodegradable/nonbiodegradable implants, particulates, liposomes, and iontophoresis represent promising solutions.