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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Influence of Emotional Factors on the Efficacy of Acupuncture Treatment for Overweight Complicated with Hyperlipidemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
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Influence of Emotional Factors on the Efficacy of Acupuncture Treatment for Overweight Complicated with Hyperlipidemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Published on: November 21, 2025

[Hormonal axes in obesity: cause or effect?].

Roberta A Lordelo1, Marcio C Mancini, Cíntia Cercato

  • 1Grupo de Obesidade e Síndrome Metabólica do Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo. rlordelo21@gmail.com

Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia E Metabologia
|April 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Obesity alters hormone levels, affecting the corticotropic axis and reproductive hormones. While thyroid function remains normal, insulin resistance plays a key role in conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome in women.

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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Reproductive health

Context:

  • Obesity is a complex metabolic condition associated with numerous endocrine dysregulations.
  • Understanding these hormonal changes is crucial for managing obesity-related health issues.

Purpose:

  • To summarize key endocrine alterations observed in obesity.
  • To highlight the role of specific hormones and axes in the obese state.

Summary:

  • Obesity presents with a hyperresponsive corticotropic axis and enhanced hormonal clearance, yet normal cortisol levels, necessitating differentiation from pseudo-Cushing's syndrome.
  • Reproductively, leptin influences puberty onset, while adults exhibit normal gonadotropins but elevated androgens and estrogens.
  • Insulin resistance is central to polycystic ovarian syndrome and associated hyperandrogenemia in women.
  • Growth hormone (GH) levels are typically low with normal IGF1, and thyroid function generally remains unaffected in obese individuals.

Impact:

  • Provides a concise overview of endocrine profiles in obesity.
  • Aids clinicians in recognizing and managing hormonal imbalances in obese patients.
  • Informs future research on obesity's multifaceted endocrine consequences.