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Hemospermia.

Imran Ahmad1, Nalagatla Sarath Krishna

  • 1Department of Urology, Ayr Hospital, Ayr, Scotland, United Kingdom. imranahmad@doctors.net.uk

The Journal of Urology
|April 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hemospermia, or blood in semen, is often benign and self-limiting. While most cases require minimal investigation, older patients or those with persistent symptoms may benefit from advanced diagnostic techniques to rule out malignancy.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Andrology
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Hemospermia (blood in semen) diagnosis has shifted due to advanced modalities.
  • Idiopathic hemospermia is less common, posing a diagnostic dilemma regarding investigation extent.
  • The majority of hemospermia cases are benign and self-limiting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on hemospermia, focusing on etiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • To guide the diagnostic approach for patients presenting with hemospermia.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted using Medline.
  • Articles published over the last 40 years relevant to hemospermia were analyzed.
  • Emphasis was placed on etiological factors, diagnostic strategies, and treatment modalities.

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Main Results:

  • Iatrogenic, inflammatory, and infective pathologies are common causes of hemospermia.
  • Malignancy was identified in 3.5% of cases (25 prostatic tumors in 931 patients).
  • Infective causes are prevalent in patients under 40; malignancy must be excluded in those over 40 with persistent symptoms or hematuria.

Conclusions:

  • Most patients with hemospermia require minimal investigation and reassurance.
  • Advanced diagnostic techniques are beneficial for older patients or those with persistent/symptomatic hemospermia.
  • Tailored investigations and expectant management are often sufficient.