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Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Energy to Drive Translocation

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

Published on: June 17, 2011

Mitochondrial delivery is essential for synaptic potentiation.

James Jiayuan Tong¹

¹Biophysics and Physiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. tongja@uci.edu

The Biological Bulletin

|April 18, 2007

Summary

Mitochondria rapidly move to synapses during stimulation, enhancing synaptic plasticity and learning. Inhibiting this transport blocks learning, highlighting mitochondria

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Mitochondrial Function

Background:

Mitochondria are crucial for neuronal energy supply (ATP) and calcium regulation.
The precise mechanisms underlying synaptic strengthening during potentiation are not fully understood.
The role of mitochondrial dynamics in synaptic plasticity remains an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of mitochondrial transport in synaptic potentiation and learning.
To elucidate the critical timing and necessity of mitochondrial delivery to synapses.

Main Methods:

Electrical recordings from intact Drosophila nervous systems.
Time-lapse confocal microscopy to visualize mitochondria labeled with green fluorescent protein.
Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I using rotenone.

More Related Videos

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: November 29, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

Published on: June 17, 2011

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: November 29, 2013

Genetic manipulation by expressing neurofibromin to enhance mitochondrial ATP synthesis.

Main Results:

Tetanic stimulation induced rapid mitochondrial delivery to synapses, facilitating synaptic potentiation.
Rotenone treatment inhibited mitochondrial transport and abolished synaptic potentiation.
Neurofibromin expression enhanced mitochondrial movement and promoted post-tetanic potentiation.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial delivery to the synapse is essential for synaptic potentiation and cellular learning.
Targeting mitochondrial transport represents a potential strategy for enhancing cognitive functions.