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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
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In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells
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Published on: June 12, 2017

Oxidation as a post-translational modification that regulates autophagy.

Ruth Scherz-Shouval1, Elena Shvets, Zvulun Elazar

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Autophagy
|April 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), at low levels, signal starvation-induced autophagy by oxidizing the HsAtg4 protease. This study details how ROS regulate autophagy through HsAtg4 oxidation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) necessitates cellular defense mechanisms like autophagy.
  • Autophagy removes damaged cellular components, but low ROS levels also function in intracellular signaling.
  • Previous research identified ROS as signaling molecules in starvation-induced autophagy.

Discussion:

  • This study investigates the role of ROS, specifically hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in starvation-induced autophagy.
  • Mitochondria are identified as a source of H2O2 during starvation.
  • The cysteine protease HsAtg4 is a direct oxidation target of H2O2.

Key Insights:

  • A specific cysteine residue near the HsAtg4 catalytic site is crucial for H2O2-mediated regulation.
  • Oxidation of HsAtg4 by H2O2 is a key regulatory step in autophagy.
  • ROS act as critical signaling molecules in the autophagic process.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of HsAtg4 regulation by oxidation.
  • Understanding this pathway could reveal new therapeutic targets for diseases involving autophagy dysfunction.
  • Exploring the broader role of ROS in cellular signaling pathways remains an important area of investigation.