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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

Evolution of Microbial Genome

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Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.

Eukaryotic Evolution

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...

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Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses

Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses

Published on: February 11, 2022

diArk--a resource for eukaryotic genome research.

Florian Odronitz¹, Marcel Hellkamp, Martin Kollmar

¹Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany. flod@nmr.mpibpc.mpg.de <flod@nmr.mpibpc.mpg.de>

|April 19, 2007

Summary

Researchers can now access diArk, a new database organizing eukaryotic genome and cDNA data. This resource aids in single gene analysis by providing up-to-date primary data from sequencing projects.

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Area of Science:

Bioinformatics
Genomics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Exponential increase in eukaryotic genome and cDNA sequencing projects.
Abundance of expressed sequence tag (EST) and cDNA clones from microarray analyses.
Need for accessible primary data for researchers in phylogenetics and structural biology.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a centralized database, diArk, for eukaryotic genome and EST/cDNA data.
To organize and present comprehensive information on completed sequencing projects.
To facilitate researchers' access to primary data for various analyses.

Main Methods:

Database construction with central tables for species, sequencing projects, and publications.
Inclusion of scientific names, taxonomic information, sequence types, and web links.
Development of a web interface with advanced search modules and a taxonomic tree tool.

Main Results:

diArk currently contains data on 415 eukaryotic species.
The database encompasses 823 sequencing projects and 248 associated publications.
An elaborate taxonomic tree search tool allows for rapid identification of related organisms.

Conclusions:

diArk provides a valuable, organized resource for eukaryotic genomic and cDNA data.
The database supports researchers by consolidating primary data from numerous sequencing efforts.
diArk enhances data accessibility for comparative genomics, evolutionary studies, and structural biology.