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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices
06:36

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Increased CD8+ central memory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Guang-Zhi Liu1, Li-Bo Fang, Peter Hjelmström

  • 1Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, PR China. guangzhi@public.bta.net.cn

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|April 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Multiple sclerosis patients exhibit elevated levels of specific memory T cells (TCM) and interleukin-15 (IL-15). This suggests a persistent inflammatory response contributing to the chronic nature of MS.

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
09:01

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: November 17, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis is linked to T-cell-mediated autoimmunity against central nervous system myelin.
  • Immunological memory formation involves naive T-cell differentiation into memory T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze T-cell subsets, including naive and memory T cells, in the peripheral blood of MS patients.
  • To investigate potential correlations between T-cell distribution, memory T-cell subsets, and plasma interleukin-15 (IL-15) levels in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients, other neurological disorder patients, and healthy controls were analyzed.
  • Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed to assess T-cell subsets and IL-15 concentrations.

Main Results:

  • MS patients displayed a skewed T-cell distribution, with significantly increased CD8+/CCR7+/CD45RA- central memory T cells (TCM) compared to controls.
  • Plasma levels of interleukin-15 (IL-15) were significantly higher in MS patients than in healthy controls.

Conclusions:

  • Upregulated CD8+ TCM in MS patients may indicate a persistent chronic inflammatory response, potentially initiated early in the disease.
  • These immunological derangements, particularly elevated CD8+ TCM and IL-15, may play a crucial role in maintaining chronic inflammation in MS.