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Meglitinide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus
C Black1, P Donnelly, L McIntyre
1University of Aberdeen, Public Health, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK AB25 2ZD. corri.black@abdn.ac.uk
Background:
In type 2 diabetes mellitus, impairment of insulin secretion is an important component of the disease. Meglitinide analogues are a class of oral hypoglycaemic agents that increase insulin secretion, in particular, during the early phase of insulin release.
Objectives:
The aim of this review was to assess the effects of meglitinide analogues in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Search Strategy:
We searched several databases including The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE. We also contacted manufacturers and searched ongoing trials databases, and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) websites.
Selection Criteria:
We included randomised controlled, parallel or cross-over trials comparing at least 10 weeks of treatment with meglitinide analogues to placebo, head-to-head, metformin or in combination with insulin.
Data Collection And Analysis:
Two authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality.
Main Results:
Fifteen trials involving 3781 participants were included. No studies reported the effect of meglitinides on mortality or morbidity. In the eleven studies comparing meglitinides to placebo, both repaglinide and nateglinide resulted in a reductions in glycosylated haemoglobin (0.1% to 2.1% reduction in HbA1c for repaglinide; 0.2% to 0.6% for nateglinide). Only two trials compared repaglinide to nateglinide (342 participants), with greater reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin in those receiving repaglinide. Repaglinide (248 participants in three trials) had a similar degree of effect in reducing glycosylated haemoglobin as metformin. Nateglinide had a similar or slightly less marked effect on glycosylated haemoglobin than metformin (one study, 355 participants). Weight gain was generally greater in those treated with meglitinides compared with metformin (up to three kg in three months). Diarrhoea occurred less frequently and hypoglycaemia occurred more frequently but rarely severely enough as to require assistance.
Authors' Conclusions:
Meglitinides may offer an alternative oral hypoglycaemic agent of similar potency to metformin, and may be indicated where side effects of metformin are intolerable or where metformin is contraindicated. However, there is no evidence available to indicate what effect meglitinides will have on important long-term outcomes, particularly mortality.
Insights
Meglitinide analogues effectively lower glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes, comparable to metformin. However, long-term outcomes like mortality remain unstudied.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Pharmacology
- Metabolic Diseases
Background:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves impaired insulin secretion.
- Meglitinide analogues are oral hypoglycemic agents that enhance early-phase insulin release.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the effects of meglitinide analogues in type 2 diabetes patients.
Main Methods:
- Searched multiple databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE) and contacted manufacturers.
- Included randomized controlled trials of at least 10 weeks comparing meglitinides to placebo, metformin, or insulin combinations.
- Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors.
Main Results:
- Fifteen trials with 3781 participants were analyzed; no mortality or morbidity data were reported.
- Meglinitides (repaglinide, nateglinide) reduced HbA1c compared to placebo.
- Repaglinide showed similar HbA1c reduction to metformin, while nateglinide showed similar or slightly less effect. Weight gain was greater with meglitinides than metformin, and hypoglycemia occurred more frequently.
Conclusions:
- Meglinitides offer an alternative to metformin for type 2 diabetes, especially when metformin is contraindicated or poorly tolerated.
- Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of meglitinides on critical outcomes, including mortality.
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