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Creep in Concrete

Creep in Concrete

Creep refers to the time-dependent increase in strain under a sustained load, excluding other time-dependent deformations associated with shrinkage, swelling, and thermal expansion in concrete. The primary mechanism behind creep involves the loss of physically adsorbed water from the calcium silicate hydrate within the hydrated cement paste. This process is further exacerbated by concrete's non-linear stress-strain relationship, microcrack development in the interfacial transition zone, and...

Effects of Creep

Effects of Creep

Creep in concrete, the gradual deformation under prolonged stress, significantly impacts the integrity of structures. For reinforced concrete beams, it can be a vital design consideration, as it increases deflection, sometimes necessitating additional design measures. In columns, especially slender ones under eccentric loads, creep can cause buckling, compromising their stability. However, creep can be beneficial in indeterminate structures by mitigating stresses that arise from shrinkage,...

Factors Affecting Creep

Factors Affecting Creep

In normal-weight aggregate concrete, the hardened cement paste is the primary contributor to creep, whereas the aggregates, being stiffer than the cement paste, are more resilient to stress-induced deformation. The stiffness of the aggregates is defined by their modulus of elasticity, and the more voluminous they are in the concrete, the less it will creep.
Further, the water/cement ratio is critical, as a lower ratio increases concrete strength, thus reducing creep. The strength of the...

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel

The mechanical characteristics of steel are assessed through various tests that evaluate its strength, toughness, and flexibility. These tests include tension, torsion, impact, bending, and hardness assessments, each providing crucial information about steel's suitability for specific applications.
The tension test is fundamental for determining tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is stretched using a gripping device until it breaks. The data collected during this test are used to...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Published on: September 23, 2018

Creep-resistant, Al2O3-forming austenitic stainless steels.

Y Yamamoto¹, M P Brady, Z P Lu

¹Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6115, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|April 21, 2007

Summary

New austenitic stainless steels offer enhanced high-temperature performance. These cost-effective alloys provide superior creep strength and oxidation resistance for energy applications.

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An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

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Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

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Published on: June 27, 2022

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Metallurgy
High-Temperature Alloys

Background:

Developing advanced materials for high-temperature applications is crucial for improving energy conversion efficiency and component longevity.
Existing high-strength steels often face limitations in aggressive oxidizing environments and at elevated operating temperatures.
Austenitic stainless steels are desirable for their mechanical properties but require enhancements for extreme conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a new family of cost-effective, high-creep strength austenitic stainless steels capable of forming protective alumina (Al2O3) scales.
To enable higher operating temperatures for structural components in demanding energy-conversion systems.
To investigate the effects of specific alloying elements on creep resistance and oxidation behavior.

Main Methods:

Alloy design based on Fe-20Ni-14Cr-2.5Al (weight percent) composition.
Strengthening achieved through nanodispersions of niobium carbide (NbC).
Elimination of titanium and vanadium to facilitate Al2O3 scale formation and stabilize the austenitic matrix.
Testing of creep-rupture lifetime and oxidation resistance under various high-temperature conditions.

Main Results:

Demonstrated creep-rupture lifetime exceeding 2000 hours at 750°C and 100 MPa in air.
Achieved protective Al2O3 scale formation with reduced aluminum content compared to previous alloys.
Exhibited resistance to oxidation in air with 10% water vapor at both 650°C and 800°C.
Stabilization of the austenitic matrix structure was confirmed.

Conclusions:

The developed inexpensive, Al2O3-forming austenitic stainless steels exhibit excellent creep strength and oxidation resistance.
These alloys have significant potential for increasing operating temperatures of structural components in energy-conversion systems.
Optimized alloy composition, particularly the reduction of Al and elimination of Ti/V, is key to achieving superior high-temperature performance.