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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Reabsorption and Secretion in the Loop of Henle01:17

Reabsorption and Secretion in the Loop of Henle

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop has Na+–K+–2Cl− symporters in the apical membranes of its cells. These symporters simultaneously reclaim one sodium ion, one potassium ion, and two chloride ions from the tubular fluid. Sodium ions are actively transported into the interstitial fluid at the base and sides of the cell, diffusing into the vasa recta. Chloride ions move through leakage channels in the basolateral membrane into the interstitial fluid and then into the vasa recta.
Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would not...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
Reabsorption and Secretion in the DCT and Collecting Duct01:26

Reabsorption and Secretion in the DCT and Collecting Duct

The early phase of the DCT manages the reabsorption of approximately 10-15% of filtered water, 5–10% of filtered sodium, and 5–10% of filtered chloride. This process is facilitated by Na+–Cl− symporters in apical membranes and sodium-potassium pumps, as well as Cl− leakage channels in basolateral membranes. The early DCT also stands out as a site where parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates calcium reabsorption, depending on the body's requirements.
The distal part of the DCT, along with the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

Shedding light on the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.

Michela Ottolia1, Scott John, Yi Xie

  • 1Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, MRL 3-645, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1760, USA. mottolia@mednet.ucla.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|April 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) regulates heart function by controlling intracellular calcium. Researchers developed fluorescent NCX proteins to observe its real-time molecular changes and structure.

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Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

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Published on: December 21, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is crucial for cardiac contractility, regulating intracellular Ca2+ levels.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms of NCX ionic regulation and its trafficking/oligomeric state are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular properties and in vivo conformational changes of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.
  • To develop tools for studying NCX regulation and structure-function relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed full-length fluorescently tagged NCX proteins (fused to CFP and YFP).
  • Utilized Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) experiments to monitor conformational changes.
  • Performed electrophysiological characterization to confirm construct functionality.

Main Results:

  • Developed functional fluorescent NCX constructs behaving similarly to wild-type.
  • Successfully monitored in vivo conformational changes of the NCX Ca2+-binding site for the first time.
  • Provided insights into the oligomeric state and ionic regulation of NCX.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescent NCX constructs are valuable tools for studying exchanger dynamics.
  • This study enhances understanding of the molecular basis of NCX function and regulation in cardiac myocytes.