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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

A methodology for identifying human error in U.S. Navy diving accidents.

Paul O'Connor¹, Angela O'Dea, John Melton

¹School of Aviation Safety, 181 Chambers Ave., Pensacola, FL 32508, USA. paul.e.oconnor@navy.mil

|April 24, 2007

Summary

Human error, particularly failures in situation awareness and leadership, significantly contributes to U.S. Navy diving accidents. A new taxonomy can improve accident investigations and diver training.

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Published on: October 31, 2011

Area of Science:

Human factors research
Diving safety science
Accident investigation methodologies

Background:

Previous analysis of 263 U.S. Navy diving reports showed limited utility of human factors classifications.
A significant majority (70%) of diving mishaps were attributed to unknown causes, with only 23% linked to human factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a comprehensive taxonomy for classifying human errors in U.S. Navy diving.
To enhance the understanding of human error's role in diving accidents and near misses.

Main Methods:

Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) applied to five diving fatality reports to create a six-category, 21-subcategory human error taxonomy.
Critical Incident Technique (CIT) interviews with 15 U.S. Navy divers involved in accidents or near misses, analyzed using the developed taxonomy.

Main Results:

Failures in situation awareness emerged as the most frequent human error within dive teams.
Leadership deficiencies were also identified as a primary human error contributing to diving incidents.

Conclusions:

The newly developed dive team human error taxonomy can significantly aid in accident investigation processes.
This taxonomy offers a valuable tool for enhancing the training and evaluation protocols for U.S. Navy divers.
Considerations for adapting error taxonomies across different industries were highlighted during the taxonomy's development.