Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
Published on: June 23, 2023
M D Bould1, D G Mahtani, R Davies
1Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK. dylanbould@yahoo.co.uk
Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring during rigid bronchoscopy revealed that patients rarely stayed within the 40-60 range. Most patients experienced BIS values below 40, indicating potential for deeper anesthesia than intended.
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