Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains the...
Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins01:09

Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins

Plakins are large proteins with binding domains for microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and membrane-associated protein complexes at cell junctions. Plakin functions are evolutionarily conserved and are primarily involved in organizing the different components of the cytoskeleton by crosslinking them to each other and connecting them to the cell-matrix and cell adhesion complexes. They are also known to interact with signal transducers, serve as scaffolds for signaling...
Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence the...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intraoperative Guidance of Pancreatic Cancer Resection Using a Toll-like Receptor 2-Targeted Fluorescence Molecular Imaging Agent.

Cancer research communications·2024
Same author

The Impact of Obesity on Diabetes Onset and Neovascularization in Mouse Models of Metabolic Stress.

International journal of molecular sciences·2024
Same author

A genome-wide association study identifies genes associated with cuticular wax metabolism in maize.

Plant physiology·2024
Same author

Multi-omic approaches provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of Sojae semen germinatum water extract against overactive bladder.

Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)·2023
Same author

Weak-value amplified surface plasmon resonance sensor based on joint detection of optical activity and refractive index.

Optics express·2023
Same author

Germplasm characterization and SDS-PAGE analysis of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) from different provenances.

BMC plant biology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation
11:09

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation

Published on: August 1, 2018

Squalene-derived flexible linkers for bioactive peptides.

Bhumasamudram Jagadish1, Rajesh Sankaranarayanan, Liping Xu

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
|April 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created dimeric melanocortin ligands using click chemistry. Dimerization maintained binding affinity to the human melanocortin 4 receptor and revealed unique binding effects for low-affinity ligands.

More Related Videos

Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center
07:11

Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center

Published on: September 28, 2022

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides
09:54

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

Published on: August 20, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation
11:09

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation

Published on: August 1, 2018

Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center
07:11

Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center

Published on: September 28, 2022

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides
09:54

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

Published on: August 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioconjugation Chemistry

Background:

  • Melanocortin peptides are crucial regulators of physiological processes.
  • Developing dimeric ligands can enhance receptor binding and signaling.
  • Click chemistry offers efficient methods for constructing complex molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize dimeric melanocortin ligands with retained or enhanced binding affinity.
  • To investigate the impact of linker strategies on ligand dimerization and receptor interaction.
  • To explore potential cooperative or statistical binding effects in dimeric constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of flexible linkers from squalene.
  • N-terminal acylation of NDP-alpha-MSH and MSH(4) ligands with alkynes.
  • Copper-catalyzed click chemistry for azide-alkyne cyclization to form dimeric ligands.
  • In vitro binding assays to assess affinity for the human melanocortin 4 receptor.

Main Results:

  • Dimeric ligands were successfully synthesized using a squalene-derived linker.
  • Most dimeric constructs retained binding affinity to the human melanocortin 4 receptor compared to parental ligands.
  • Dimeric MSH(4) constructs exhibited statistical and cooperative binding, unlike dimeric NDP-alpha-MSH.

Conclusions:

  • Flexible linkers can be effectively employed to create dimeric melanocortin ligands.
  • Dimerization can modulate ligand-receptor interactions, leading to distinct binding behaviors.
  • The observed differences in binding effects are likely related to the affinity and off-rates of the individual ligands.