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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression
07:00

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

Published on: May 7, 2019

Ankylosing spondylitis.

Jürgen Braun1, Joachim Sieper2

  • 1Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, 44652 Herne, Germany.

Lancet (London, England)
|April 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Ankylosing spondylitis management has evolved with new therapies like tumor necrosis factor blockers offering hope for difficult cases. Conventional treatments remain crucial for long-term patient care.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Ankylosing spondylitis is a prevalent inflammatory rheumatic condition impacting the axial skeleton.
  • It causes inflammatory back pain, leading to physical limitations and reduced quality of life.
  • Recent advancements in imaging and therapies have significantly influenced disease management over the last decade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current treatments in inhibiting radiographic progression and structural damage in ankylosing spondylitis.
  • To highlight the role of conventional therapies and emerging treatments in managing ankylosing spondylitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in imaging techniques for ankylosing spondylitis.
  • Analysis of therapeutic strategies including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, physiotherapy, and tumor necrosis factor blockers.

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Main Results:

  • The efficacy of current drugs in halting radiographic progression remains uncertain.
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and physiotherapy are vital for ongoing ankylosing spondylitis management.
  • Tumor necrosis factor blockers represent a significant breakthrough for patients unresponsive to traditional treatments.

Conclusions:

  • While new treatments show promise, their long-term impact on disease progression requires further investigation.
  • Integrated management combining conventional therapies with novel options like TNF blockers is key.
  • Further research is needed to determine if radiographic progression can be fully inhibited.