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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Stem-cell niches: nursery rhymes across kingdoms.

Ben Scheres1

  • 1Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands. b.scheres@bio.uu.nl.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|April 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Plant and animal stem cells share conserved maintenance factors, despite evolutionary differences. These stem cells utilize kingdom-specific patterning mechanisms linked to core epigenetic factors.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Comparative biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Stem cells are crucial for development and tissue maintenance in multicellular organisms.
  • Stem cells reside in specialized microenvironments known as stem-cell niches.
  • Evolutionary divergence between plants and animals is vast, yet fundamental biological processes show conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conserved and divergent mechanisms of stem cell maintenance across kingdoms.
  • To explore the role of epigenetic factors in stem cell regulation.
  • To understand how kingdom-specific patterning connects with conserved epigenetic machinery.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gene families involved in stem cell specification and maintenance.

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  • Review of recent evidence on stem cell niches in plants and animals.
  • Examination of epigenetic regulatory networks governing stem cell fate.

    • Main Results:

    • Stem cell niches are conserved structures in both plant and animal kingdoms.
    • While stem cell specification factors are often kingdom-specific, maintenance factors are conserved.
    • Epigenetic factors form a conserved core regulating stem cell maintenance.

    Conclusions:

    • Conserved epigenetic factors play a fundamental role in repressing stem cell differentiation across diverse multicellular life.
    • Kingdom-specific patterning mechanisms interact with conserved epigenetic machinery to specify stem cells.
    • Understanding these conserved and divergent mechanisms provides insights into the fundamental biology of stem cells.