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Related Concept Videos

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this staggered...
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
08:40

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Published on: May 15, 2018

Structure and dynamics in self-organized C60 fullerenes.

Archita Patnaik1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
|April 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study explores self-organized C60 fullerene structures and their dynamics. Positronium probes reveal aggregate formation, while a novel dyad self-assembles into vesicles and fractal aggregates, demonstrating controlled molecular ordering for potential electron transport. Keywords: C60 fullerenes, self-assembly, molecular dynamics, electron transport.

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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

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Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
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Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

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Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
13:58

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Fullerenes, particularly C60, exhibit unique electronic properties and self-assembly behaviors.
  • Understanding the structure-dynamics relationship in C60 aggregates is crucial for designing advanced materials.
  • Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) offer a platform for controlled molecular organization and functionalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure and dynamics of self-organized C60 fullerene aggregates in various environments.
  • To explore the self-assembly mechanisms of a novel methanofullerene dyad leading to supramolecular structures.
  • To analyze the electronic structure and molecular orientation of C60-functionalized SAMs on Au(111) for potential electronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Positronium (Ps) probing to analyze C60 aggregate formation and phase behavior in solvents.
  • Synthesis and characterization of a novel hydrophobic-hydrophilic methanofullerene dyad.
  • Surface-sensitive spectroscopy techniques, including Ultra-Violet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) and Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS), to study C60-functionalized SAMs on Au(111).

Main Results:

  • Positronium probing revealed the onset concentration and phase behavior of stable C60 aggregates.
  • The methanofullerene dyad self-assembled into bilayer vesicles and spherical fractal aggregates, with formation dependent on dielectric constant.
  • C60 functionalization of aminothiol SAMs on Au(111) significantly altered the electronic structure, reducing the HOMO-LUMO gap to 2.7 eV and forming specific sigma bonds.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent dielectric constant plays a critical role in C60 aggregate formation and self-assembly.
  • Controlled molecular orientation in SAMs can template the growth of three-dimensional self-assembled structures.
  • C60-functionalized SAMs exhibit potential as electron transport media due to their reduced electronic band gap.