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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
Published on: May 15, 2018
Conductance and polarisability of C60 films
V N Popok1, M Jönsson, E E B Campbell
1Department of Physics, Göteborg University, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
Abstract:
Thin films of C60 deposited in vacuum are studied using current-voltage (I-V) measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In situ electrical measurements give an average resistivity of ca. 30 Mn cm for the as-deposited films at room temperature. The I-V dependences are found to correspond to ohmic behaviour but they have a hysteresis shape attributed to remnant polarisation due to the domain structure of the films. AFM images show a grainy surface morphology for the deposited C60. Temperature dependent measurements in the range 290-365 K provide evidence for a variable range hopping mechanism of conductance with an activation energy of 0.8-1.0 eV. With further temperature increase the C60 films restructure leading to an increase in grain size and a change of the electrical properties with I-V dependences showing Schottky barrier formation. The effect of oxygen on the conductance of the C60 films under their exposure to an ambient atmosphere is considered and discussed.
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Covalent Bonds
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
Covalent Bonds

