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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

Published on: October 29, 2015

Invariant NKT cells and tolerance.

Michael Nowak¹, Joan Stein-Streilein

¹Institut fur Umweltmedizinische Forschung at Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.

International Reviews of Immunology

|April 25, 2007

Summary

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells regulate immune responses. This review details their function in immune tolerance, including oral tolerance and autoimmune diseases.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cellular Immunology
Immune Regulation

Background:

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate immune cells with a dual role in immune responses, capable of promoting inflammation or immune suppression.
While iNKT cells rapidly produce cytokines upon activation, their specific involvement in T regulatory (Treg) cell differentiation and peripheral tolerance has been a recent area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of how iNKT cells influence various immune tolerance mechanisms.
To discuss the specific roles of iNKT cells in established tolerance paradigms and their implications in autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies investigating iNKT cell function in immune tolerance.
Analysis of iNKT cell roles in distinct tolerance systems, including anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) and oral tolerance.

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Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Published on: August 19, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

Published on: October 29, 2015

Purification and Expansion of Mouse Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for in vitro and in vivo Studies

Purification and Expansion of Mouse Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for in vitro and in vivo Studies

Published on: February 15, 2021

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Published on: August 19, 2014

Main Results:

iNKT cells play a significant role in shaping immune responses within different tolerance contexts.
Their function impacts the development of Treg cells and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance.

Conclusions:

iNKT cells are critical modulators of immune tolerance, influencing outcomes in conditions ranging from ACAID to autoimmune diseases.
Further research into iNKT cell function can provide insights into novel therapeutic strategies for immune-related disorders.