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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow
05:43

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

Published on: January 13, 2017

Lidocaine, MK-801, and MAC.

Yi Zhang1, Michael J Laster, Edmond I Eger

  • 1Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA.

Anesthesia and Analgesia
|April 26, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Lidocaine does not decrease minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) by affecting glutamate release. This study found lidocaine

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Previous studies suggested lidocaine and dizocilpine (MK-801), an NMDA receptor antagonist, similarly decrease MAC.
  • Inhaled anesthetics may impair NMDA receptor transmission via sodium channel blockade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonism, and MAC reduction.
  • To test the hypothesis that lidocaine and MK-801 affect MAC similarly by influencing NMDA neurotransmission at different points.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed lidocaine infusion effects on the MAC of cyclopropane, halothane, isoflurane, and o-difluorobenzene in rats.
  • Evaluated concurrent lidocaine-MK-801 infusion effects on isoflurane and o-difluorobenzene MAC.

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Main Results:

  • Lidocaine alone could produce immobility, showing no apparent limit to its MAC-decreasing effect.
  • Lidocaine infusion did not differentially affect the MAC of o-difluorobenzene compared to other inhaled anesthetics.
  • MK-801 addition equally influenced lidocaine's MAC reduction for isoflurane and o-difluorobenzene.

Conclusions:

  • Lidocaine's primary mechanism for decreasing MAC does not involve reducing glutamate release.
  • The study contradicts the initial hypothesis regarding lidocaine and NMDA receptor interaction in MAC reduction.