Volatile anesthetic-induced cardiac preconditioning

Pharmacological preconditioning with volatile anesthetics, or anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC), is a phenomenon whereby a brief exposure to volatile anesthetic agents protects the heart from the potentially fatal consequences of a subsequent prolonged period of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Although not completely elucidated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of APC appear to mimic those of ischemic preconditioning, the most powerful endogenous cardioprotective mechanism. This article reviews recently accumulated evidence underscoring the importance of mitochondria, reactive oxygen species, and K(ATP) channels in cardioprotective signaling by volatile anesthetics. Moreover, the article addresses current concepts and controversies regarding the specific roles of the mitochondrial and the sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels in APC.