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X-ray Imaging

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

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Investigation of Head Injury Mechanisms Using Neutral Density Technology and High-Speed Biplanar X-ray.

W N Hardy¹, C D Foster, M J Mason

¹Wayne State University Bioengineering Center.

Stapp Car Crash Journal

|April 27, 2007

Summary

This study measured relative brain motion within the skull using X-ray imaging and neutral density targets (NDTs). Brain movement followed specific patterns, reaching displacements of +/- 5 mm during impacts.

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Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Neuroscience
Medical Imaging

Background:

Understanding brain motion relative to the skull is crucial for injury biomechanics.
Previous studies have limitations in accurately measuring in-vivo brain displacement during impact.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the 3D relative motion between the human brain and skull during impact events.
To provide data for validating computational models of traumatic brain injury.

Main Methods:

Utilized a high-speed, biplanar X-ray system with implanted neutral density targets (NDTs) in cadaver head specimens.
Subjected inverted, perfused human cadaver heads to impact testing (frontal and occipital regions) with controlled accelerations.
Analyzed 3D displacements between NDTs and the skull to map brain motion patterns.

Main Results:

Peak resultant accelerations ranged from 10 to 150 g, with peak angular accelerations from 1000 to 8000 rad/s².
Localized brain motions exhibited characteristic loop or figure-eight patterns.
Peak relative displacements between the brain and skull were measured at approximately +/- 5 mm.

Conclusions:

The study successfully measured and characterized brain-skull relative motion during impact.
Findings provide valuable experimental data for refining finite-element models of head trauma.
The methodology offers a robust approach for future brain injury research.