A model-based method for flow limitation analysis in the heterogeneous human lung

Flow limitation in the airways is a fundamental process constituting the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. Its location is referred to as the choke point. In this work, expressions enabling the calculation of critical flows in the case of wave-speed, turbulent or viscous limitation were derived. Then a computational model for the forced expiration from the heterogeneous lung was used to analyse the regime and degree of flow limitation as well as movement and arrangement of the choke points. The conclusion is that flow limitation begins at similar time in every branch of the bronchial tree developing a parallel arrangement of the choke points. A serial configuration of flow-limiting sites is possible for short time periods in the case of increased airway heterogeneity. The most probable locations of choke points are the regions of airway junctions. The wave-speed mechanism is responsible for flow choking over most of vital capacity and viscous dissipation of pressure for the last part of the test. Turbulent dissipation, however, may play a significant role as a supporting factor in transition between wave-speed and viscous flow limitation.