Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Social Facilitation

Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.

Impact of Social Context on Individuals

Impact of Social Context on Individuals

Social psychology examines how the real or imagined presence of others influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. A key concept in this field is the role of social context in shaping behavior. The same individual may act differently depending on the social setting, due to the varying expectations and norms associated with each environment. This context-dependent behavior illustrates the influence of social roles, which prescribe appropriate conduct in specific situations.Social...

Nonconscious Mimicry

Nonconscious Mimicry

Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.

Sympathetic Activation

Sympathetic Activation

The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Summation of contrast across the visual field: A common "fourth root" rule holds from the fovea to the periphery.

Vision research·2026

Same author

Introducing Philosophy Corner.

Perception·2025

Same author

Phenomenology and philosophy for perceptionists: A renewed role in the face of AI.

Perception·2025

Same author

An eye to AI, part II: Consciousness without qualia.

Perception·2025

Same author

An eye to AI, part I: Understanding without consciousness.

Perception·2025

Same author

Repeatability of retinal vessel flicker responses in healthy individuals.

Acta ophthalmologica·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Contextual modulation involves suppression and facilitation from the center and the surround.

Tim S Meese¹, Robert J Summers, David J Holmes

¹Neurosciences Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK. t.s.meese@aston.ac.uk

Journal of Vision

|April 28, 2007

Summary

Cross-orientation suppression (XOS) and facilitation (XOF) interact differently with spatial frequency. These visual processing findings reveal distinct mechanisms and influence early visual processing models.

More Related Videos

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Visual Perception
Psychophysics
Neuroscience

Background:

Cross-orientation suppression (XOS) and facilitation (XOF) are key phenomena in visual processing.
Previous studies linked XOS to low spatial frequencies and XOF to high spatial frequencies, suggesting different origins relative to the classical receptive field.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between XOS and XOF.
To examine how mask configuration and spatial scale influence these interactions.
To explore the underlying neural mechanisms of XOS.

Main Methods:

Measured detection and contrast increment thresholds using superimposed and annular cross-oriented masks.
Tested effects at two spatial scales (1 and 7 c/deg).
Developed a functional model to interpret results.

Main Results:

Both XOS and XOF were observed with both mask types.
XOS decreased with spatial frequency, while XOF remained constant.
Interaction spatial extent did not scale with spatial frequency, with surround effects prominent at high frequencies.
Identified two distinct processes contributing to XOS: direct divisive suppression and modulation of self-suppression.
The dominance of XOS or XOF depends on relative weights and mask contrast.

Conclusions:

XOS and XOF involve distinct spatial and frequency-dependent mechanisms.
Findings suggest spatial frequency plays a critical role in modulating suppressive and facilitative interactions.
Results provide new constraints for computational models of early visual processing and suggest further single-cell level investigations.