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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...

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Nitric oxide, mitochondrial hyperpolarization, and T cell activation.

Gyorgy Nagy1, Agnes Koncz, David Fernandez

  • 1Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|April 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) regulates mitochondrial membrane potential in T cells, acting as a molecular switch. Its overproduction in diseases like lupus can disrupt T cell function and contribute to autoimmunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • T lymphocyte activation involves nitric oxide (NO) production, crucial for various T cell functions.
  • NO acts as a signaling molecule, activating guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP pathways.
  • NO influences mitochondrial dynamics, including membrane potential and biogenesis, in lymphocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization (MHP) as a molecular switch in T cell signaling.
  • To explore the role of NO in regulating mitochondrial events during T lymphocyte activation and apoptosis.
  • To discuss the implications of NO overproduction in autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent evidence on nitric oxide and T lymphocyte signaling.
  • Analysis of NO's role in modulating mitochondrial membrane potential and biogenesis.
  • Examination of NO's impact on calcium signaling and its link to autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • Nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization (MHP) acts as a molecular switch in T cell signaling pathways.
  • NO regulates mitochondrial membrane potential and biogenesis, essential for T cell function.
  • Overproduction of NO in systemic lupus erythematosus is linked to altered mitochondrial biogenesis and calcium signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Nitric oxide plays a physiological role in lymphocyte signaling, with MHP as a key regulatory event.
  • Dysregulated NO production can disturb T cell function, potentially contributing to autoimmune pathogenesis.
  • Understanding NO's role in mitochondrial regulation offers insights into autoimmune disease mechanisms.