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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
Thermal Strain01:19

Thermal Strain

Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
07:54

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions

Published on: March 9, 2021

Marathon performance in thermally stressing conditions.

Scott J Montain1, Matthew R Ely, Samuel N Cheuvront

  • 1US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, USA. scott.montain@us.army.mil

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|May 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Warm weather significantly slows marathon running performance for all runners, with slower athletes experiencing a greater impact. Elite runners are also affected, highlighting the need for weather-informed race strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Sports science
  • Environmental impact on athletic performance

Background:

  • Established knowledge suggests adverse effects of heat on marathon performance.
  • Previous research provides a foundation for understanding thermoregulation during endurance events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the impact of weather conditions on marathon running performance.
  • To analyze historical data and recent laboratory findings on heat and marathon times.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 140 race-years of marathon data.
  • Statistical evaluation of performance decrements relative to wet bulb globe temperature.
  • Development of a predictive nomogram for weather-related time changes.

Main Results:

  • Marathon performance times increase progressively above 5-10°C wet bulb globe temperature.
  • Both male and female runners experience similar performance reductions.
  • Slower marathon runners face a more significant performance penalty compared to elite athletes.

Conclusions:

  • Weather, particularly heat, is a critical factor influencing marathon outcomes.
  • A predictive tool (nomogram) is available to aid runners and coaches in strategic planning.
  • Understanding these effects can optimize marathon race strategies for improved performance.