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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Hypopituitarism.

Harald Jörn Schneider1, Gianluca Aimaretti2, Ilonka Kreitschmann-Andermahr3

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Clinical Neuroendocrinology Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.

Lancet (London, England)
|May 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hypopituitarism, a condition affecting pituitary gland function, is more common than previously thought, especially in patients with brain injuries. Early recognition by general practitioners is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
09:48

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

Published on: February 25, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Hypopituitarism is characterized by unspecific symptoms but can lead to severe health consequences and increased mortality.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on stimulation tests for growth hormone and corticotropin deficiencies, alongside basal hormone levels and clinical assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the underrecognized prevalence of hypopituitarism, particularly in patients with brain damage.
  • To emphasize the need for general practitioners to recognize hypopituitarism as a not-rare condition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic criteria for hypopituitarism.
  • Analysis of the incidence and prevalence of hypopituitarism.
  • Examination of the association between brain injuries and hypopituitarism.

Main Results:

  • Estimated incidence and prevalence rates of hypopituitarism are 4.2 per 100,000 annually and 45.5 per 100,000, respectively.
  • Patients with traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage face a high risk of developing hypopituitarism.
  • The true prevalence of hypopituitarism is likely higher than current estimates suggest.

Conclusions:

  • Hypopituitarism is not a rare disease and requires increased recognition by general practitioners.
  • Advances in hormone replacement therapy offer convenient and physiological treatment options.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism are essential for preventing life-threatening events.